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(詳細は2nd century. Among the most significant disagreements are the Quartodeciman controversy at the time of Victor of Rome (c. 180) and the Rebaptism controversy at the time of Stephen of Rome and Cyprian of Carthage (250s). At the root of what became the ''Great Schism'' is the question of ecclesiology. ==Origins== Eric Plumer writes that "(t)he divergence of the Eastern and Western churches, leading ultimately to the East-West Schism, was a process of many centuries, influenced by a host of political, cultural and theological factors. Similarly, Roger Haight asserts that, "The (Schism ) should not be understood to have occurred in the mutual excommunications (1054 )" because those excommunications were "only one factor in a much longer and larger story involving cultural, political and theological factors." Because so many factors contributed to the ever-widening separation between East and West, it is difficult to point to a specific date when it began or even identify a single primary cause of the schism. While most sources agree that the separation between East and West is clearly evident by the Photian schism in the ninth century, some point to tensions going back as far as the fourth century as the early signs of the separation between East and West.〔Rome and the Eastern Churches by Aidan Nichols pages 227-272 (chapter "The Photian Schism and the 'Filioque'") Publisher: Ignatius Press (February 1, 2010) ISBN 1586172824 ISBN 978-1586172824〕 Orthodox apologists point to incidents as early as the 2nd century as examples of claims by Rome to papal primacy and rejection by Eastern Churches. Some scholars〔Cleenewerck, Laurent ''His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches''. Washington, DC: EUC Press (2008) pp. 145-155 〕 have argued that the Schism between East and West has very ancient roots, and that sporadic schisms in the common unions took place under Pope Victor I (2nd century), Pope Stephen I (3rd century) and Pope Damasus I (4th and 5th century). Later on, disputes about theological and other questions led to schisms between the Churches in Rome and Constantinople for 37 years from 482 to 519 (the Acacian Schism), and for 13 years from 866-879 (see Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople). The idea that with the transfer of the imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople primacy in the Church was also transferred is found in undeveloped form as early as John Philoponus (c. 490–c. 570); it was enunciated in its most advanced form by Photios I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893). Constantinople, as the seat of the ruler of the empire and therefore of the world, was the highest among the patriarchates and, like the emperor, had the right to govern them.〔(Milton V. Anastos, ''Aspects of the Mind of Byzantium (Political Theory, Theology, and Ecclesiastical Relations with the See of Rome)'' ), Ashgate Publications, Variorum Collected Studies Series, 2001. ISBN 0-86078-840-7〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the East–West Schism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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